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eWISA
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KLIP:
MAIN INDEX |
ALPHABETICAL
LIST OF RIVERS |
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Map
of the KLIP River |
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HYDROLOGY
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The uppermost reach of the
Klip
River
(first 10 kilometres running southwards) has a steep
gradient of more than 4 m/km. Thereafter, the gradient flattens
continuously after the
rivers eastward turn, and the gradient is especially low (<2 m/km) in
the lower section of
the river (from Rietspruit confluence). The natural mean annual runoff
(MAR) of the Klip
River catchment is estimated to be in the vicinity of 111 x 106m3/annum
(Stewart Scott et
al, 1996). The average returns are in excess of 200 x 106m3/annum,
showing how
dominant effluent return flows are in the catchment. Although more water
is generally
seen as a good thing, there are various negative connections to this
increased amount of
water
being transported to the
Klip
River. (Ref
1)
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The most important being reduced water
quality, and reduction in natural habitats for biota, increased bank
erosion and lack of
naturally occurring floods as stimuli for fish migration. On the
positive side, the return
flow ensures the river to be perennial, permitting year round
recreational activities,
irrigation and also provides a permanent source of water for wildlife
(DWAF, 1999).
(Ref
1)
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The urban areas cover approximately
20% of the surface area in the catchment. The paved
surfaces of urban areas cause an increase in surface run-off during the
wet summer months
and a decrease in sub-surface flow during the winter months (Stewart
Scott et al., 1996).
Dams and impoundments occurring in the catchment are primarily
structures associated
with mining (especially in the upper catchment). Only two impoundments
occur in the
mainstream, namely at Olifantsvlei Waste-water Treatment works (WWTW)
and a weir at
Henley-on-Klip
. The present use of impoundments is predominantly for recreational
activities, although the quality of the water is not always within
limits for this use.
(Ref
1)
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GEOHYDROLOGY
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References |
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Ref 1:
etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-05102005-113926/restricted/CHAPTER2Catchment_.pdf
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Useful
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