ORANGE RIVER: Topography, geology and soils

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Map of the ORANGE River

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TOPOGRAPHY
Upper Orange area (upstream of  Douglas in the Northern Cape): From the foothills of the Maluti Mountains at the border with Lesotho, the topography opens into wide plains in the west, with characteristic flattopped hills.(Ref.1).
Lower Orange area (between Douglas and Alexander Bay): The topography of the area is flat with large pans or endoreic areas (Ref.2)
The profile of the Orange River (from the origin in Lesotho to the mouth at Alexander Bay)  is illustrated below:
    GEOLOGY                                    

gariep11.jpg (56188 bytes) Augrabies Waterfalls-Kakamas20.JPG (52114 bytes) Augrabies Waterfalls-Kakamas22.JPG (69794 bytes) kopkaroobritz.jpg (31230 bytes) Augrabies Waterfalls-Kakamas30.JPG (68623 bytes) Orange River08.JPG (56629 bytes)
Orange River01.JPG (66116 bytes) Orange River02.JPG (45600 bytes) Orange River03.JPG (46024 bytes) Orange River04.JPG (43020 bytes) Orange River05.JPG (40231 bytes) Orange River06.JPG (57881 bytes)
Orange River11.JPG (54978 bytes) Orange River12.JPG (42345 bytes) Orange River13.JPG (40328 bytes) Orange River14.JPG (37906 bytes) Orange River15.JPG (40842 bytes) Orange River16.JPG (47273 bytes)
Orange River17.JPG (40415 bytes) Orange River18.JPG (43384 bytes) Orange River19.JPG (40228 bytes) Orange River21.JPG (57211 bytes) Orange River22.JPG (62636 bytes) Orange River27.JPG (37885 bytes)
Orange River32.JPG (48175 bytes) Orange River40.JPG (54615 bytes) Orange River41.JPG (46076 bytes) Orange River42.JPG (44191 bytes) Orange River49.JPG (34854 bytes)
    SOILS                                    
  References                                      

Ref.1. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 2004. Internal Strategic Perspective: Upper Orange Water Management Area. Prepared by PDNA, WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd, WMB and Kwezi-V3 on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning. DWAF Report No P WMA.

Ref.2. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 2004. Internal Strategic Perspective: Lower Orange Water Management Area. Prepared by PDNA, WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd, WMB and Kwezi-V3 on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning. DWAF Report No P WMA 14/000/00/0304

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